In 1755, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) published his Discours sur l'origine de l'inegalité [Discourse on the Origin of Inequality], initiating the Romantic movement in literature with his proclamation of the priority of the individual’s emotional life and his right to full personal expression and freedom. In England, his message found expression in the poetic writings of Lord Byron (1788–1824), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), and John Keats (1795–1821). At the same time, Rousseau’s appeal for a return to nature and the people's past inspired the historical novels of Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) and curiosity about popular folklore and speech. In Germany, similar concerns were expressed in literature in the dramas of Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) and the poetry of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) and Novalis (pen name of Friedrich Leopold, Baron von Hardenberg, 1772–1801), and reoriented philosophical speculation as well in the Idealism of such philosophers as Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770–1831), and Friedrich Schelling (1775–1854).